Stanley Kowalski Essay Example

Stanley Kowalski Paper During the late nineteen-forties, it was common for playwrights such as Tennessee Williams to use symbolism as an approach to convey personal thoughts, through the attitudes of the characters and the setting. Williams actors have used symbolism to disguise the actuality of their thoughts and to accommodate the needs of their conservative audience. A Streetcar Named Desire has a few complicated character traits and themes. Therefore, they have to be symbolised using figures or images to express abstract and mystical ideas, so that the viewers can remain clueless. Williams not only depicts a clear personality of the actors but he also includes real-life public opinions from the past (some of which are contemporary. ) These opinions were likely to raise controversies on issues such as prejudice, social gender expectations and men and womens roles in society. There have been numerous occasions when symbolism has taken place in A Streetcar Named Desire. Firstly, Stanley is insulted several times by Blanche (his sister-in-law) Stella (his beloved wife) and other residents of the Quarter. For example, the term animal has been constantly spoken of, to define Stanleys malicious and ill-natured conduct. In scene four, Blanche tries to persuade her younger sister to go elsewhere and leave her husband. On page 163, she complains: Blanche: He acts like an animal, has an animals habits! Eats like one, talks like one! Theres even something sub-human something not quite to the stage of humanity yet! Yes, something ape-like about him there he is Stanley Kowalski Bearing the raw meat home from the kill in the jungle! We will write a custom essay sample on Stanley Kowalski specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stanley Kowalski specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stanley Kowalski specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Furthermore, when the play begins, Stanley enters the ground-floor apartment carrying a red stained package from a butchers. Stanley: Catch! Stella: What? Stanley: Meat! From these two brief extracts, the keynote is that the red meat is a symbol used to show Stanleys bestial attitude, which is also in another of Blanches dialogues: Blanche: Theres something downright bestial about him! The image Blanche creates of Stanley (him being an animal an ape) is coincidental to the fact that she is actually describing her brother-in-law, throwing red meat to his wife in an unacceptable fashion. We know that Blanche had not been present, at the time of the event. This clearly proves that Stanleys bad actions are so obvious, even other characters in the play can predict his actions. It is just like saying a tiger arrives at his habitat with red meat and feeds his cubs, similar to what any other animal would do. Basically, Stanley tossing the pack of meat at his wife could symbolise that he is not a normal human being! He is an animal, a caveman, or even a madman, as Blanche prefers calling him! (Page 158) Blanche: In my opinion? Youre married to a madman! However, the red-stained package might mean something completely different. Perhaps the playwright is symbolising a new entry; trying to describe an early impression of Stanley. The colour red could suggest a hot, passionate and sexy character, who does not care about manners as long as sex and women are always there for him. On the other hand, maybe the word stained is telling us that Stanley is dirty. Package may mean an arrival. Altogether, the red-stained package could mean the arrival of a disgusting but good-looking man. Many interpretations have been given here and symbolism depends on what the audience believes it be. The use of animalistic symbols is repeated, just as Blanche arrives at Elysian Fields. We are given an early suspicion of her unusual and strange sense in clothing. Narrator: Her delicate beauty must avoid a strong light. There is something about her uncertain manner, as well as her white clothes, that suggests a moth. Mentioning the light, we know that Blanche is a fragile and sensitive young lady. Another hint is that she has a fear for strong light; something which will shine over the truth and reveal it to all. The Chinese lantern is an important symbol, which Blanche uses to cover up her appearance. Actually, the playwright uses it to show secrecy and that Blanche is hiding from the outside world. The fact that Blanche is wearing white clothes tells us that she wants a fresh start, because the colour white symbolises purity. Virginity for a woman is just as important. It should be saved for the right man at the right time, which followed the conventions of the period the play was written in. Here we have two contradictory facts which, if combined, could mean the same thing; by wearing such a genuine and formal outfit, Blanche could be trying to fool her audience into thinking that she is untainted a virgin. In other words, she may want to wipe out her past and start fresh. An unlikely (though possible) prediction to the phrase, suggests a moth, could be the alliteration between the words myth and moth. On one side of the story, the playwright may be experimenting with a butterfly-like creature, demonstrating an innocent Blanche to the audience. Opposed to this, he might be giving signs that her white clothes (virginity) suggest there were myths (stories) at one time, concerning Blanche. We will never know for definite, what Williams is really trying to transmit, though he is definitely sending some sort of a hidden message here! We discover the truth in scene four. Sexuality is a huge theme in this play, yet to discuss. Another major symbol used by Williams, is the streetcar the title of the play, itself. While Blanche confronts Stella about the previous night (the poker night), she explains to her enthusiastically that the relationship Stella has with Stanley, is merely infatuation. There is a constant repetition of Blanches hatred and disgust for Stanley, throughout the script. Blanche: What you are talking about is brutal desire just Desire! the name of that rattle-trap street-car that bangs through the Quarter, up one old narrow street and down another Stella: Havent you ever ridden on that street-car? Blanche: It brought me here where Im not wanted and where Im ashamed to be In this selection the rattle-trap streetcar named Desire, might represent Stanley, while the Quarter may represent Stella. In my opinion, Blanche is really implying that Stanley is the typical, careless husband who has most probably slept with (bangs) many young ladies (up one old narrow street and down another. ) He has had many one-night-stands and, informally, could be called a player! This is a term used in modern day English, but during the nineteen-forties, the alternative would be a rogue. Another suggestion to the quote, up one old narrow street and down another, could be the description of the movement made, whilst practising sexual intercourse as we know this is done in and out or up and down! Following Blanches quotation, Stella retorts a defensive question, actually referring to the streetcar named Desire, which Blanche has just described. She may be trying to allude to the fact that Blanche had once been in the same shoes as her riding on the same streetcar and having a desire for sex and man. Of course, this does not mean having had a number of intimacies with strangers. To Stella, Stanley and only Stanley, is one important man in her life. Stella could also be referring to Blanches virginity. After reading this page again, I have had second thoughts. I am still unsure, as this extract is very ambiguous. Personally, I think Stella is asking her elder sister whether or not she is a virgin but then again, this is subject to the audience and what choices they might make over the speech. Ironically, the audience may even interpret this speech to be an indication of the fact that Blanches history involved prostitution and she had had plenty of affairs with various men. This information is fully discovered later, but at this early stage, Williams uses a phallic symbol to signal the theme of sexuality. The streetcar also personifies the following understandings: Reproductive power, by symbolically and indirectly relating to a phallus. The statement bangs through the Quarter can be used to describe both the phallus and the streetcar. * Men were superior to women, during the mid-twentieth century. The evidence is in the speech because men could obviously do anything they wished, when they wished; go up and down whenever they liked, even make good use of their Quarters! By saying this, I would like to point out that Stanley always had the upper hand to Stella. He was very convincing and managed to win over Blanche, to persuade his own wife. The rape scene can also be associated with superiority. Stanley used Blanches body to prove that she was a liar, a cheater and had gone insane. He also saw women with sexual classifications and judged them, depending on their appearance; we are told on page 128. Therefore, it is a fact that men were superior to women, and they could fulfil any of their desires! Finally, when Blanche answers her sisters question, she is taking it literally (referring to the real streetcar, which brought her to Elysian Fields. ) That is how it would seem to a new audience. This is a fine example of symbolism. One who hears the dialogue in the highlighted selection (above) is likely to assume that Blanche is talking about the real streetcar, on which she travelled to arrive at her destination. Truthfully, I think Blanche is implying that sex was what made her come to Elysian Fields. She is declaring that because of sex, she has had to suffer through all those problems. Blanche has obviously grasped the significance of her past mistakes, repented them and known what is right and wrong. It is interesting to notice how one, short piece of text can be so symbolic and how easily it can be misunderstood! The first time I read the play I did not observe all these ideas. Nevertheless, after reading the script repeatedly, I realised that every single word Williams had entered had been deliberately done, to represent some things of his time. One of the reasons for doing this could be because it was a crime just to say the word sex, or anything related to that subject. Instead, playwrights suggested these ideas by using symbols, as what this essay is all about. Progressing to the sound of music and instrumental signs, Streetcar includes two very significant symbols that are linked with crucial themes such as sexuality and madness. The hot trumpets and the blue piano are constantly heard during short periods of tension and when Blanche experiences insanity! Williams has introduced the blue piano in scene one. The first page of the script tells us that it expresses the spirit of life which goes on here referring to a part of New Orleans (Elysian Fields. ) On certain occasions, the polka tune was also played. For instance, at the end of scene one, Stanley raises doubts about whether or not Blanche is married. This reminds Blanche of her horrific past and how her young husband had died. It creates tension and if, as an audience, we were to view the stage drama, it would build a large amount of suspense. The reason for this is that straight after the polka music plays, Blanche claims that she is going to be sick! From this, we know that Blanche is in a bad state and wants to forget. Returning to the sound of the polka tune, I would like to add that music in general life, can have quite an effect on its listeners. Polka music was played for a lively nineteenth-century dance. Here, it has been used to keep the viewers focused and to grab their attention on the story line. In the following fragment, Blanche and Stanley are deep in conversation.

Synthesis Outline Essays

Synthesis Outline Essays Synthesis Outline Essay Synthesis Outline Essay Essay Topic: Synthesis Thesis Analysis of the Non-Correspondence between Central Luzon State University Business Administration sophomore students’ major field of study and their freshmen preferred accounting course Title Page Approval Sheet Biographical Sketch Acknowledgement Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Appendices I. The Problem and its Background Introduction Statement of the Problem Objectives of the Study Significance of the Study Scope and Limitation Definition of Terms Conceptual Framework II. Review of Related Literature Local Foreign III. Research Methodology Overview Research Strategy Respondent Sampling Technique Data Gathering Tool Data Processing and Analysis IV. Results and Discussion V. Conclusions VI. Recommendations References Appendices The Problem and Its Background Introduction Statement of the Problem Generally, this study aims to answer the question â€Å"How does the CLSU BA Sophomore students’ major Field of study not correspond with their freshman preferred accounting course? † Specifically, it aims to seek to answer the following questions: 1. What are the factors considered by the CLSU BA Sophomore students in their choice of major field of study? 2. What are the sources of information that CLSU BA Sophomore students used in their major field of study selection process? 3. How do those factors and sources of information affect the CLSU BA Sophomore students’ decision of not choosing accounting as a major field of study? Objectives of the Study The general objective of this study is to analyze the non-correspondence between CLSU BA Sophomore students’ major field of study and their freshman preferred accounting course. The specific objectives are the following: 1. To determine factors considered by the CLSU BA Sophomore students in their choice of major field of study. . To determine the sources of information that CLSU BA Sophomore students used in their major field of study selection process. 3. To evaluate how those factors and sources of information affect the CLSU BA Sophomore students’ decision of not choosing accounting as a major. Significance of the Study This study will provide significant contributi on to the students, CLSU Department of Accountancy and accounting education. For the students, this study will guide them in their major field of study selection process. This may assist them for better decision-making. For the CLSU Department of Accountancy, this study may be of interest because it will give information of what underlies the non-correspondence between CLSU BA sophomore students’ major field of study and their freshmen preferred accounting course. In addition, it will help the department in more actively screening and recruiting students to major in accounting course. For the accounting education, this study will yield insights where the accounting educators may base the activities that can be undertaken to improve the accounting education in our country. Scope and Limitation The scope of the study will be the sophomore students of academic year 2011-2012 with major field of study other than accounting in the College of Business Administration and Accountancy in Central Luzon State University. In addition, these sophomore students have accounting as their preferred freshman accounting course. This study will not include those students whose preferred freshman accounting course is accounting but did not enroll in the College of Business Administration and Accountancy during their first year. Moreover, this study will not cover those students with preferred freshman accounting course that enrolled in College of Business Administration of Accountancy during their first year but did not take their second year in the same college and/or university. Conceptual Framework Independent variablesDependent Variable The above figure provides the explanatory framework upon which the entire analysis of the non-correspondence between CLSU Business Administration sophomore students’ major field of study and their freshman preferred accounting course will rest. The framework shows the independent and dependent variables. It is based on the input-process-output relationship. This relationship reflects the decision-making process of the students in their major field of study selection. The decision-making process is shown within circle with broken lines. There will be no theoretical framework used on the study since it will focus only on determining the relative importance of criteria used to select a major not on the decision-making process itself. The factors and sources of information are considered as the key inputs present in the decision-making process of the students; hence, these elements are within the circle. These key inputs will be considered as the independent variables. To guide the analysis, it is assumed that the students take into account all the relevant factors in their decision-making given three limitations: one year time frame, opportunity cost of choosing the wrong major is high and taking double major is not allowed. It is based on the premise that students maximize their resources given the three limitations. Furthermore, the analysis will be based on the premise that the students make decisions using the information from important referents and not on isolation. The dependent variable is the decision of not choosing accounting as a major field of study. It is related to the output of the decision-making process where the sophomore students chose majors which are not corresponding to their freshman preferred accounting course. As shown in the figure, the dependent variable is outside the circle with broken lines. This is because the decision of not choosing accounting is only indirect product of the selection process. Still, this decision is dependent on the key inputs because once the sophomore students chose business majors other than accounting they cannot choose accounting anymore. This is when the third limitation- taking double major is not allowed is present. Broken lines are used to show that decision of not choosing accounting as a major is not an isolated decision and to portray the association between the key inputs and the dependent variables. Research Methodology Overview Research Strategy The research strategy that will be used for the study is Survey Approach. It will be used to view comprehensively and in detail the data that will be gathered to analyze the non-correspondence between CLSU BA sophomore students’ major field of study and their freshmen preferred accounting course. This approach will be adopted the survey approach to emphasize the quest for details of tangible data- data that can be measured and recorded. The research strategy will contain two (2) phases. In the first phase, the researchers will run focus groups of CLSU BA sophomore students with major field of study non-corresponds with their freshmen preferred accounting course. The focus group is a research in which students are informally interviewed in a group discussion setting. The researchers will gather together these students to discuss the issues affecting the research study. In addition, there will be a moderator, aside from the researchers, to facilitate free and open discussion in the group. In the second phase, the researchers will then use what they will learn in focus groups to design a questionnaire that will allow collecting systematic and quantitative data about the non-correspondence of the major field of study of CLSU BA sophomore students and their freshmen preferred accounting course. The questionnaire will be distributed in broader range of sample students. Respondents The respondents of this study will be the CLSU Business Administration sophomore students whose major field of study does not correspond with their preferred freshman accounting course. These are the students whose first choice is accounting in their application for College Admission Test in Central Luzon State University but selected business major other than accounting in their sophomore year in College of Business Administration and Accountancy in the university. Sampling Technique The study will use purposive sampling wherein the respondents will be ‘hand picked’ for the research. The term is applied where the researcher already knows the names of CLSU BA sophomore students, whose major field of study did not correspond with their freshmen preferred accounting course, and will deliberately selects particular ones because they are seen as instances that are likely to produce the most valuable data. Data Gathering Tools The research will use: documents containing the list of names of the respondents; tape-recorded conversation in the focus group; and questionnaires that will be distributed to the respondents. Data Processing and Analysis The data that will be gathered using the data gathering tools will be presented and analyzed to attain the objectives of the study.

Suppressed Evidence Fallacy

Suppressed Evidence Fallacy In the discussion about inductive arguments, it is explained how a cogent inductive argument had to have both good reasoning and true premises. But the fact that all included premises have to be true also means that all true premises have to be included. When true and relevant information is left out for any reason, the fallacy called Suppressed Evidence is committed. The fallacy of Suppressed Evidence is categorized as a Fallacy of Presumption because it creates the presumption that the true premises are complete. Examples and Discussion Here is an example of Suppressed Evidence used by Patrick Hurley: 1. Most dogs are friendly and pose no threat to people who pet them. Therefore, it would be safe to pet the little dog that is approaching us now. It should be possible to imagine all sorts of things which might be true and which would be highly relevant to the issue at hand. The dog might be growling and protecting its home. Or it might even be foaming at the mouth, suggesting rabies. Here is another, similar example: 2. That type of car is poorly made; a friend of mine has one, and it continually gives him trouble. This might seem like a reasonable comment, but there are many things which might be left unsaid. For example, the friend might not take good care of the car and might not get the oil changed regularly. Or maybe the friend fancies himself as a mechanic and just does a lousy job. Perhaps the most common use of the fallacy of Suppressed Evidence is in advertising. Most marketing campaigns will present great information about a product, but will also ignore problematic or bad information. 3. When you get digital cable, you can watch different channels on every set in the house without purchasing expensive extra equipment. But with satellite TV, you have to buy an extra piece of equipment to each set. Therefore, digital cable is a better value. All of the above premises are true and do lead to the conclusion. But what they fail to note is the fact that if you are a single person - the sort of person who often seems to be the subject of the ads, curiously enough - there is little or no need to have independent cable on more than one TV. Because this information is ignored, the above argument commits the fallacy of Suppressed Evidence. We also sometimes see this fallacy committed in scientific research whenever someone focuses on evidence which supports their hypothesis while ignoring data which would tend to disconfirm it. This is why it is important that experiments can be replicated by others and that the information about how the experiments were conducted be released. Other researchers might catch the data which was originally ignored. Creationism is a good place to find fallacies of Suppressed Evidence. There are quite a few cases where creationist arguments simply ignore evidence relevant to their claims, but which would cause them problems. For example, when explaining how a Great Flood would explain the fossil record: 4. As the water level began to rise, the more advanced creatures would move to higher ground for safety, but more primitive creatures would not do so. This is why you find less complex creatures further down in the fossil record and human fossils near the top. All sorts of important things are ignored here, for example, the fact that marine life would have benefitted from such a flood and the would not be found layered in such a way for those reasons. Politics is also an excellent source of this fallacy. It isnt unusual to have a politician make claims without bothering to include critical information. For example: 5. If you look at our money, you will find the words In God We Trust. This proves that ours is a Christian Nation and that our government accepts that we are a Christian people. What is ignored here is, among other things, that these words only became mandatory on our money during the 1950s when there was a widespread fear of communism. The fact that these words are so recent and are largely a reaction to the Soviet Union makes the conclusion about this being politically a Christian Nation much less plausible. Avoiding the Fallacy You can avoid committing the fallacy of Suppressed Evidence by being careful with regard to any research you do on a topic. If you are going to defend a proposition, you should make an attempt to find contradictory evidence and not simply evidence which supports your presupposition or beliefs. By doing this, you are more likely to avoid missing crucial data, and it is less likely that anyone can reasonably accuse you of committing this fallacy.

SUCCESS FACTORS IN DATA WAREHOUSE PROJECTS Essay

SUCCESS FACTORS IN DATA WAREHOUSE PROJECTS - Essay Example Why organizations need to bring data together from different working systems? Obviously, the answer is, to be more beneficial, to be more competitive, or to grow by adding value for customers. This can be achieved by mounting the pace and flexibility of decision making, developing business processes effectively, or gaining a clearer idea of customer activities. The data warehouse is a huge collection of the past and current business data that analyze the old business data for offering special discounts and trend assessment in the past business. These systems also facilitate decision makers to retrieve data as many times as they need without disturbing the performance of the core working systems. A data warehouse merges data that are scattered all over the different working systems and makes them readily accessible for decision support applications (Laudon & Laudon, 1999, p. 247; Inmon, 2002, p. 3; Hoffer, Prescott, & McFadden, 2007, p. 47). There are many factors that play a signific ant role in the implementation of a data warehouse. This essay presents a detailed analysis of the critical success factors in the implementation of data warehouse projects. Data Warehouse: An overview A data warehouse is a large size subject-oriented database that is designed and implemented with organization-wide access in mind. Additionally, a data warehouse collects and process a mountain of data from a number of sources and the basic purpose of this data collection and processing is to allow its users to be familiar with the data and information they want for decision making and get access to that information by making use of easy to use applications and tools. In addition, data warehouse encompasses a wide variety of tools and technologies such as multidimensional and relational databases, graphical user interfaces, client/server architecture and many more. In the context of a data warehouse system, all these components work with the purpose of combining raw data and facts fro m a variety of sources into a particular and reliable warehouse that provides an excellent support for decision making and analysis inside a particular domain of the business. In this scenario, the majority of large size business organizations develop data warehouse systems as a key element of their main information systems environment (Alshboul, 2012; Swalker, 2011). Data Warehouse Projects A few years ago, it was a serious challenge for the business organizations to actually make use of the covered data and information and facts stored in the functional systems for management and decision tasks. In this scenario, data management is seen in the sense of data as a significant asset belonging to the entire business organization for management and decision tasks, and not only as the belongings of specific tools and applications, personnel or business areas. Basically, this data collected from a variety of sources is supplied to a managerial part, which is responsible for transforming collected data into understandable and useful information for instance high-class subject orientated information will be accessible just in due course. In view of the fact that data can play a significant role in supporting functioning tasks very competently, hence it does not repeatedly make available information that can transform knowledge and improve the efficiency of business processes efficiency. In the past, these operational data were not accessible in a way that end users could straightforwardly recognize and utilize. In this scenario, in the form of a theoretical framework in the direction of contemporary information processing system a data warehouse was developed for a useful and well-organized practice of the

Japanese Music Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Japanese Music - Assignment Example The Japanese one is a vertical flute, and we taut an upper lip, a lower lip stays relaxed, so the instrument can produce fuller, brighter, and more "detailed" sounds, which the Western flute cant make because the lower lip is not relaxed. The laxity of the lower lip is of importance when different variations of pitch and timbre are produced. As for Elizabeth Reian Bennett, deceleration, elasticity of beat and pitch within a certain range, as well as the use of silence, breath, and articulation when playing the instrument are other crucial things to note the difference between two flutes. I think, the uniqueness of shakuhachi sound makes it desirable to take part in so many music genres. For example, aficionados of classical music will find some sophisticated and somewhat tangle features in shakuhachi sound while the lovers of jazz appreciate its rhythm and timbre. In my opinion, such music prefer adults rather than teenagers because among youngsters other types of modern music, such as pop, rap or electronics, are popular. But I am the teenager who have found wabi, sabi, and yugen in a piece of music that touched my

Character Analysis of Connie Essay Example for Free

Character Analysis of Connie Essay Then one day her family leaves her alone and she notices the boy in the car comes to her house and she finds out that he seems to know everything about her. He demands that Connie come to him and in then th story ends as Connie walks out the house toward the mysterious boy. Connie is sexually active, scared, and deceitful. Connie is sexually active. Oates states how Connie knows she is beautiful and she gets a great deal of attention from boys. Connie knows she is gorgeous, so when she goes out, she shows off her body more. When Connie meets the older boy in the resturant, she spends hours with him, and they went in an abandoned alley. Connie often states that she believes sex is a beautiful and fun feeling. Going with this stranger Connie has just met for hours implies she is sexually active in some way. What Oates is trying to say about young girls in general is that by showing off their bodies and meeting with older boys, sex will be pressured onto them. More young females will want to become more sexually active by assuming sex is all good and fun. Connie is scared. Connie does not seem to be afraid of anything. However, once this stranger appears at her house, she becomes a bit more frightened. Connie was always used to doing what she wanted with whomever she wanted. Along came Arnold, who commanded her to come to him and do things with him. Suddenly, Connie does not have the choice anymore. He threatens to harm her family so she is scared and cannot bring herself to even call for help. What Oates is trying to say about being scared is that one will not be scared until the option of deciding for ones self gets taken away. Connie is deceitful. Connies mother often degrades Connie for being vain. Her mother does this because she is worried about Connie and knows Connie gets a great deal of attention from males. Connies mother knows what can happen to her if she does not start being careful. Connie still goes out grabbing the attention of boys even though her mother says otherwise. What Oates is trying to say is that children should always listen to their parents, or they may end up in danger. Oates tries to get the reader to understand that parents have been through it all, and children should learn to listen more. In the short story Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Oates shows that Connie is sexually active. She is sexually active because she shows off her body and is curious about sex. Connie is scared because she had no choice in what she wanted to do. Connie is deceitful because she did not care or listen to her mother.

How the Media Portrays the Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay -- Media,

The fact that media can influence politics is readily evident from the campaign trail, to the passing of laws, to grass roots campaigns such as Occupy Wall Street. The Occupy Wall Street campaign has been portrayed negatively by the mainstream media outlets. Newspapers, radio, television, and the internet have painted the movement with offensive undertones, reporting the lows of the movement rather than the revolutionary aspects of the movement. A possible reason that the media has consistently framed this movement in a negative manner is that the movement is operating against the forces of society. This opposing issue between the rich conservative mass media and the Occupy Wall Street movement has drawn the interest of the public from all walks to life to witness the song and dance being framed against the Occupiers. Who is winning this dance off? An examination of the facts will reveal how well this framing is influencing the political forces. The four forces of socialization, or how an audience, technology, the media industry and the product of the various media outlets react in the social world and the social construction of reality or the power to influence have concentrated on the Occupy Wall Street (Croteau, Hoynes, & Milan, 2012). Audiences have tuned into this movement since the first protest in September of 2011 (Occupy Wall Street, 2011). Protestors have been painted as â€Å"a motley collection of punks, anarchists, socialists, hackers, liberals, and artists† (Scherer, 2011, p. 22). A report by CNN (2011) stereotyped the protestors as hypocrites, because they have recently occupied an office near Wall Street, with a copier and furnishings, instead of the parks they had formerly protested from. An Occupy rep resp... ... that the one percent is thriving, while the rest of America is starving, all because big business controls politics in America (Occupy, 2011). It is too early to call, but in the end if Occupiers lose the competition, at least they danced. Works Cited CNN. (2011). Exclusive: Inside offices of Occupy Wall Street. Retrieved from, http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/01/exclusive-inside-the-offices-of-occupy-wall-street/ Croteau, D., Hoynes, W., & Milan, S. (2012). Media/society (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Occupy Wall Street. (2011). About. Retrieved from, http://occupywallst.org/about/ Scherer, M. (2011). Taking it to the Streets. Time. 178(16). P. 20-24. Tharoor, I., & Rawlings, N. (2011). ‘The whole world is watching’: Occupy Wall Street stares down NYPD. Retrieved from, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2096976,00.html

Aronson,Marc. Witch-hunt: Mysteries of the Salem Witch Trials. NewYork: Simon And Schuster, 2003

In reviewing the book Witch-hunt: Mysteries of the Salem Witch Trials, I found many new and interesting facts about the Salem witch trials. The book gives a detailed account of the accusers, the accused, the judges, and other key players involved in the hysteria that consumed Salem in 1692. Aronson starts out his book not with 1692, but instead with 1688, a year when the four Goodwin children seemed to be possessed by someone or something that was not of this world. The whole of this story is told by Cotton Mather, a well-respected minister of his day. He and his father, Increase Mather would play an important part in the hysteria was to come. He was the one who established the test for accused witches—that is, the ability to recite the Lord’s Prayer perfectly. Ironically, it would be his voice that would stop the hysteria in late 1692. He then compares the hysteria of 1692 to the post-September 11, 2001 hysteria regarding religious fundamentalists. At times, Aronson is a bit preachy, but the narrative moves along, telling vividly of the trials of the accused, and how many recanted their confessions, and even the histrionics of the alleged victims. The story begins with a group of girls practicing some old divination with a West Indian Slave, Tituba. When the experiment goes horribly wrong, the girls begin having spells of illness, and began going into fits. The girls quickly accuse Tituba of bewitching them, and Tituba does not disappoint, confessing to the crime of witchcraft, naming names, if only to save herself. The accusations fly quickly from there, as does the narrative. Aronson moves quickly, telling of the trials and hangings with vivid clarity. One almost feels as though they are in the courtroom, feeling the accusers’ pains, and hearing the plaintiff’s cries of innocence. Aronson also takes us to the jail cells, telling us of witches that recanted to the stenographers charged with taking their confessions. Aronson then talks of the height of the hysteria, when people were being accused at an alarming rate. He does, however, neglect to mention that a total of 20 people were executed, and many more were imprisoned. Aronson ends the Witchcraft trials with a voice of reason. It is the same voice that ended the hysteria 300 years ago. The reason is voiced by people like Cotton Mather, Increase Mather, Thomas Brattle and other esteemed men of the society. He also ties the whole thing together by placing the events in their historical context and giving reasons for the hysteria and for the end of the reign of terror. Overall, he does an excellent job of taking the available resources and turning it into a gripping tale that would take anyone on a wild ride. I personally read this book in two days, I could not put it down. The contemporary comparisons Aronson makes brings the book to relevance to today’s young person while bringing this fascinating historical period to a satisfying, if unsettling conclusion. Overall, I would recommend this book to anyone who wants a better understanding of the Salem Witch Trials and their impact on Massachusetts society. I would also recommend it because after reading it, one gets the sense of what a modern day witch-hunt looks like. Hopefully, by reading about this troubling period in American history, we can avoid repetitions of this type of hysteria in the future.

Catholic Sacraments

The Sacraments of the Catholic Church are, the Church teaches, efficacious signs of grace, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us. The visible rites by which the sacraments are celebrated signify and make present the graces proper to each sacrament. They bear fruit in those who receive them with the required dispositions. † Though not every individual has to receive every sacrament[->0], the Church affirms that, for believers as a whole, the sacraments are necessary for salvation, as the modes of grace divinely instituted by Christ[->1] Himself.Through each of them Christ bestows that sacrament's particular grace, such as incorporation into Christ and the Church, forgiveness of sins, or consecration for a particular service. The Church teaches that the effect of a sacrament comes by the very fact of being administered, regardless of the personal holiness of the minister administering it. However, a recipient's own lack of prope r disposition to receive the grace conveyed can block the effectiveness of the sacrament in that person.The sacraments presuppose faith and through their words and ritual elements, nourish, strengthen and give expression to faith. The Catechism of the Catholic Church[->2] lists the sacraments as follows: â€Å"The whole liturgical life of the Church revolves around the Eucharistic sacrifice and the sacraments. There are seven sacraments in the Church: Baptism[->3], Confirmation[->4], Eucharist[->5], Penance[->6], Anointing of the Sick[->7], Holy Orders[->8], and Matrimony[->9]. † Baptism[->10] is the first and basic sacrament of Christian initiation.Baptism is usually conferred today by pouring water three times on the recipient's head, while reciting the baptismal formula: â€Å"I baptize you in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit[->11]. † The ordinary minister of the sacrament is a bishop or priest, or a deacon. In case of necessity[->12], an yone intending to do what the Church does, even if that person is not a Christian, can baptize. The sacrament frees from original sin[->13] and all personal sins, and from the punishment ue to them. Baptism makes the person share in the Trinitarian life of God through â€Å"sanctifying grace[-;14]†, the grace of justification that incorporates the person into the body of Christ and his Church, also making the person a sharer in the priesthood of Christ. It imparts the theological virtues[->15]: faith[->16], hope[->17], and charity[->18] and the gifts of the Holy Spirit, and marks the baptized person with a spiritual seal or character that indicates permanent belonging to Christ.Baptism is the foundation of communion between all Christians. The many symbols of baptism include a white garment, symbolizing innocence and purity, a candle, symbolizing the Light of Christ, the Oil of Chrism, which is used to anoint the baby or candidate being baptized, and the water, which symboliz es cleansing and the washing away of sin. Confirmation is the second sacrament of Christian initiation. It is called Confirmation because it confirms and strengthens baptismal grace.It is conferred by â€Å"the anointing[-;19] with Sacred Chrism[-;20], which is oil mixed with balsam and consecrated by the bishop, which is done by the laying on of the hand of the minister who pronounces the sacramental words proper to the rite. These words refer to a gift of the Holy Spirit[-;21] that marks the recipient as with a seal. Through the sacrament the grace given in baptism is strengthened and deepened.Like baptism, confirmation may be received only once, and the recipient must be in a state of grace meaning free from any known unconfessed mortal sin[-;22] in order to receive its effects. The originating minister of the sacrament is a validly consecrated bishop[-;23]; if a priest confers the sacrament and in special cases, the link with the higher order is indicated by the use of oil bles sed[-;24] by the bishop on Holy Thursday[-;25] itself or on a day close to it. In the East, which retains the ancient practice, the sacrament is administered by the parish priest immediately after baptism.In the West, where administration is normally reserved for those who can understand its significance, it came to be postponed until the recipient's early adulthood; but in view of the earlier age at which children are now admitted to reception of the Eucharist, it is more and more restored to the traditional order and administered before giving the third sacrament of Christian initiation. The Eucharist is the sacrament, the third of Christian initiation, completes Christian initiation by which Catholics partake of the Body and Blood of Jesus[->26] Christ and participate in his one sacrifice.The first of these two aspects of the sacrament is also called Holy Communion. The bread which must be wheaten and wine which must be from grapes used in the Eucharistic rite are, in Catholic fa ith, transformed in all but appearance into the Body and Blood of Christ, a change that is called transubstantiation[->27]. That is, Catholics believe they are sacramentally, though not physically, eating and drinking the human flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. Only a bishop[->28] or priest[->29] is enabled to be a minister of the Eucharist, acting in the person of Christ himself.Deacons[->30] as well as priests are ordinary ministers of Holy Communion, and lay people may be authorized in limited circumstances to act as extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion. The Eucharist is seen as â€Å"the source and summit† of Christian living, the high point of God's sanctifying action on the faithful and of their worship of God, the point of contact between them and the liturgy of heaven. So important is it that participation in the Eucharistic celebration is seen as obligatory on every Sunday and holy day of obligation[-;31] and is recommended on other days.Also recommended for thos e who participate in the Mass is reception, with the proper dispositions, of Holy Communion. This is seen as obligatory at least once a year, during Eastertide. The Sacrament of Penance is the first of two sacraments of healing. The Catechism of the Catholic Church mentions in the following orders different names of the sacrament, calling it the sacrament of conversion, Penance, confession, forgiveness and Reconciliation. It is the sacrament of spiritual healing for a baptized person from the distancing from God resulting from sins committed.If a man sins after baptism, he cannot have baptism as a remedy; Baptism, which is a spiritual regeneration, cannot be given a second time. Reconciliation involves four elements: Contrition the Penitent's sincere remorse for wrongdoing or sin, repentance, without which the rite has no effect; Confession to a Priest with the faculty to hear confessions while it may be spiritually helpful to confess to another, only a Priest has the power to admin ister the sacrament, Absolution by the Priest, and, Satisfaction or Penance.Many sins wrong our neighbor. One must do what is possible in order to repair the harm. Simple justice requires as much. But sin also injures and weakens the sinner himself, as well as his relationships with God and neighbor. Absolution takes away sin, but it does not remedy all the disorders sin has caused. Raised up from sin, the sinner must still recover his full spiritual health by doing something more to make amends for the sin: he must make satisfaction for or expiate his sins. This satisfaction is also called penance.In early Christian centuries, this element of satisfaction was quite onerous and generally preceded absolution, but now it usually involves a simple task for the penitent to perform, to make some reparation and as a medicinal means of strengthening against further temptation. The priest is bound by the seal of confession[->32], which is inviolable. Accordingly, it is absolutely wrong for a confessor in any way to betray the penitent, for any reason whatsoever, whether by word or in any other fashion.A confessor who directly violates the sacramental seal incurs an automatic excommunication whose lifting is reserved to the Holy See[->33]. In some dioceses, certain sins are reserved which means only certain confessors can absolve them. Some sins, such as violation of the sacramental seal, consecration of bishops without authorization by the Holy See, direct physical attacks on the Pope[->34], and intentional desecration of the Eucharist are reserved to the Holy See.A special case-by-case faculty from the Sacred Penitentiary[->35] is normally required to absolve these sins. Anointing of the Sick[->36] is the second sacrament of healing. In this sacrament a priest anoints the sick with oil blessed specifically for that purpose. The anointing of the sick can be administered to any member of the faithful who, having reached the use of reason, begins to be in danger by reas on of illness or old age. A new illness or a worsening of health enables a person to receive the sacrament a further time.When, in the Western Church, the sacrament was conferred only on those in immediate danger of death, it came to be known as Extreme Unction[->37], Final Anointing, administered as one of the Last Rites. The other Last Rites are Confession if the dying person is physically unable to confess, at least absolution, conditional on the existence of contrition, is given, and the Eucharist, which when administered to the dying is known as Viaticum[->38], a word whose original meaning in Latin[->39] was provision for a journey.Holy Orders[->40] is the sacrament by which a man is made a bishop[->41], a priest[->42], or a deacon[->43], and thus dedicated to be an image of Christ[->44]. A bishop is the minister of this sacrament. Ordination as a bishop confers the fullness of the sacrament, making the bishop a member of the body of successors of the Apostles, and giving him the mission to teach, sanctify, and govern, along with the care of all the Churches.Ordination as a priest configures the priest to Christ the Head of the Church and the one essential High Priest, and conferring on him the power, as the bishops' assistant, to celebrate the sacraments and other liturgical acts, especially the Eucharist. Ordination as a deacon configures the deacon to Christ the Servant of All, placing him at the service of the bishop, especially in the Church's exercising of Christian charity towards the poor and preaching of the word of God.Aspirants to the priesthood are required by canon law[->45] to go through a seminary[->46] program that includes, as well as graduate level philosophical and theological studies, a formation program that includes spiritual direction[->47], retreats[->48], apostolate experience, etc. The course of studies in preparation for ordination as a permanent deacon is decided by the Episcopal conference[->49] concerned. Matrimony[->50], or Marriage, like Holy Orders, is a sacrament that consecrates for a particular mission in building up the Church, and that provides grace for accomplishing that mission.This sacrament, seen as a sign of the love uniting Christ and the Church, establishes between the spouses a permanent and exclusive bond, sealed by God. Accordingly, a marriage between baptized[->51] people, validly entered into and consummated, cannot be dissolved. The sacrament confers on them the grace they need for attaining holiness in their married life and for responsible acceptance and upbringing of their children.As a condition for validity, the sacrament is celebrated in the presence of the local Ordinary[->52] or Parish Priest[->53] or of a cleric delegated by them or in certain limited circumstances a lay person delegated by the diocesan Bishop with the approval of the Episcopal Conference[->54] and the permission of the Holy See[->55] and at least two other witnesses, though in the theological tradition o f the Latin Church the ministers of the sacrament are the couple themselves.For a valid marriage, a man and a woman must express their conscious and free consent to a definitive self-giving to the other, excluding none of the essential properties and aims of marriage. If one of the two is a non-Catholic Christian, their marriage is licit only if the permission of the competent authority of the Catholic Church is obtained. If one of the two is not a Christian, the competent authority's dispensation is necessary for validity.

How does Chandler characterise Joe Brody Essays

How does Chandler characterise Joe Brody Essays How does Chandler characterise Joe Brody Essay How does Chandler characterise Joe Brody Essay * The characterisation of Joe Brody is initiated very early on in the novel. Inevitably, since Joe does not actually appear until page 78, this characterisation begins with what is said about Brody by other characters in the novel and the narrator. It should be noted however that characters testimonies are to be recognised as being of varying levels of reliability. On page 16 of the novel, Marlowe is being briefed by General Sternwood with regards to his assignment as a private detective investigating an alleged blackmailer. As he is giving some background information, Sternwood refers to an earlier incident in which he paid Joe Brody $5,000 to let my daughter alone. This immediately creates the impression that Brody is a rather unscrupulous person, accepting money to end his own involvement with a young woman.It also suggests that he possibly inhabits a lurid world and is himself an unsavoury character, after all it is doubtful that the General would pay him a large sum to leave his daughter alone if he was of a pleasant nature. However, the question of reliability is applicable here as there is the possibility at this stage that the General is simply overprotective and restrictive (although it soon becomes evident that this is not the case). On page 69, Carmen bluntly states that she Hates Brody. This again gives the impression that he is not a pleasant person, in that he inspires such strong negative emotions among those he has been involved with. However Carmen has been established as being anything but a reliable character and therefore this may cast doubt over the reliability of her impressions of Joe.* In terms of what the narrator says about Brody before the actual meeting, there is a similar kind of implication as to what kind of character he might be. He is described as having played around with Carmen, and having been paid $5,000 to find some other little girl to play with. It is possible to infer from this that he is a seedy kind of person, the phra se play with hints at an ability to influence young women, in particular to achieve his own ends, in this case ultimately for financial gain. Marlowe also identifies Brody as the prime suspect with regards to both the missing nude photos of Carmen, and the transportation of Geigers obscene books, as well as linking him with the murder of Geiger himself. The picture being built up through the comments made both by other characters and the narrator is one of a character involved in the seedier side of Los Angeles life, someone who is certainly no stranger to criminal activities (albeit on a small scale).* The initial description of Joe Brodys physical appearance seems to suggest that he is not a particularly threatening character. He is described as being long legged, long-waisted and high shouldered and this implies that he is in fact rather slender and not physically imposing or intimidating. He has a face which had learned to control its expressions long ago, which suggests that he has had involvement with the kind of people who make this kind of ability a useful thing to possess, and Marlowes comment that his domed forehead might at a careless glance seemed like a dwelling place for brains leads the reader to believe that he is the kind of person who might exude the aura of having brains, or being street-smart, despite this not actually being the case.* Later on in the book, on page 126, Brody is described by Marlowe as being a two-bit chiseller. In addition, up until the point of the meeting between Marlowe and Brody, he has generally been characterised as a small-time crook. When Brodys apartment is initially described, it seems to be rather different to what one might expect of a two-bit chiseller. The room that greets Marlowe is a cheerful one, with good furniture and not too much of it and a plush curtain draped across one of the doors. This is in contrast to the extravagant and ostentatious display of wealth encountered at locations such as Geigers pla ce and the Sternwoods, and the general impression is one of good taste. The kind of lifestyle that this hints at is one which requires money, and when this is set against what we have learned of Joe Brody so far in the novel, it seems that he might be living beyond his means in his yearning to be seen as a big-shot, further adding to the idea that he is a small-time crook with the (unfulfilled) ambition of going on to bigger and better things.* In terms of his relationships with other characters, the idea of his being able to impress and influence young women is added to through his relationship with Blonde Agnes. It is inferred that she has initially been impressed with Joes ambitions and ideas, and has obviously been informing him with regards to the situation with Geiger, as she works at his store. However it is also apparent that she has become disillusioned with Brody, as is evident from the uncomplimentary speculation with which she regards him and her declaration that he is o nly a half-smart guy. This allows the reader to infer that despite his talk and his ideas, Joe is frequently unable to deliver upon such promises and realise his ambitions. This seems to have encouraged a lack of respect for him among those he has had dealings with, notably from Agnes as discussed and also from Carmen, who threatens him with a gun (although this might be more out of anger at the way he has treated her in the past rather than contempt due to his ineptitude).* Brodys initial behaviour and manner projects a sense of hardness, which seems forced, and he seems to be unnecessarily confrontational-you got a funny sense of humourtake it away and play on it somewhere else-presumably to try and emphasise this supposed hardness. The implication here, when viewed alongside the idea of him being a petty crook unable to command real respect, is that he feels that he needs to project this image in order to assert himself as he has no genuine toughness with which to command the res pect he seems to crave. He also seems to be deliberately laconic and uncooperative, giving Marlowe the reply You said what? upon hearing a name he is clearly familiar with-Geiger. This idea is reinforced through his tone when he talks to Marlowe, with no more inflection than the voice of a faro dealer. Furthermore, Brody goes on to pull a gun on Marlowe while offering him a cigar, a trick Marlowe is singularly unimpressed with, despite Brodys conviction that it is neat. Brodys voice mirrors that of the tough guy in pictures, and all of these factors strengthen the central idea of him trying desperately to cultivate an impression of toughness and awareness, which is recognised instantly by Marlowe, whom we already know to be acquainted with far tougher characters.* All of this is undermined by Brodys evident paranoia and fear, as he gestures at blonde Agnes to hide behind the curtain while speaking to Marlowe, and his lack of self control when he finds out that Carmen is prepared to testify that it was Joe that killed Geiger-That godamned little hotpants!-as well as his somewhat desperate asking of Marlowe for money in return for the pictures, and the fact that he turns green when confronted with Carmen threatening him with saying that she saw him kill Geiger. In the same way, Brody is shown to have nervous mannerisms, such as the licking of his lips. All of this seems to go against the image of streetwise cool that Brody seems eager to convey. He is also later described as being visibly scared, and begs of Marlowe dont let her kill me! His actions, when under pressure, contradict the hardness he tires to project. An example that demonstrates this to great effect is his reaction to the pistol-wielding Carmen. He tries to placate her in a small, flat voice which is nothing like the one with which he speaks to Marlowe in order to try and present himself as being cool. Similarly, he says quite casually to Agnes that it might be necessary to pop Marlowe, despite th e fact that Marlowe later states that he was no killer type, and that this is the general consensus of the rest of the characters in the book who mention Brody.* When speaking to Marlowe, Brody uses a wide variety of non-standard grammar. Even when Marlowe is attempting to speak at a similar level to Brody in order to accentuate his hardness, Brody still uses much more non-standard constructions than Marlowe despite the attempt at convergence on behalf of the former. For example, when giving an account of his activities on the night of the murder of Geiger, Brody does so using the present tense-Theres a car in front of Geigers and another one up the hill-which hints at a lack of education on the part of Brody. Similarly, Brody omits unaccented auxiliary verbs-You think Id go back there? Although Marlowe does do the same thing at several points-What you do for a living? he does not use non standard grammar with anywhere near the same frequency as Brody and when he does, it is clear t hat he is doing so in order to provoke a certain kind of response from Brody, especially when his language begins to diverge away from Brodys as he attempts to distance himself from him in order to re-assert his superiority, his lexis and grammar of now a higher register.This point can be illustrated effectively when we look at the way Marlowe talks when considering Brodys story of his whereabouts in the night of the murder. That seems reasonable. Although there is nothing here that could be described as sophisticated vocabulary or grammar, the overall tone seems to be the authoritative one of a high ranking policeman interrogating a suspect, with no grammatical inaccuracies whatsoever, and it is far removed from the manner in which we presume Brody would utter a similar statement. With Brody, it is clear that non standard grammar is a regular feature of his speech rather than a device he uses, as with Marlowe. Again we are given the impression of a lack of formal education, and per haps a style of speech that has again been cultivated to exude defiance and hardness.

Business munication for Interdisciplinary

Communication is an essential rather it's the main part of any business. Good business munication always makes that business a great success.   munication means municate with other people and make them know about the business product, so basically it will attract more businesses.   Business munication will help the Heart Saver pany to entice more hospitals and healthcare centres to know about their product, and this will help to grow the business (Us et al., 2017). Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) is great equipment, and it helps to prevent cardiac arrests. The Heart Saver pany supplies AED and provides coaching on how to use it and why is it important.   Therefore, a good munication in the business will help the business to grow because people will get to know how useful the product is for them if they are suffering from some heart diseases or cardiac arrests. Service quality will improve if the business munication is good of the Heart Saver pany. After all, it is a di gital world, and it is so easy to municate with others now.   When the leaders of the Heart Saver pany municates positively and professionally, a good positive atmosphere will produce itself. Good business munications will increase upper the demand of AEDs (Akyol, 2013). There are certain types of munication would occur. Today most of our munication takes place via our smartphones and puters in this digital world. So creating a business page on social platforms like Facebook, Twitter will help to create a good business munication. municate with consumers through online is the best way of munication nowadays. Another way of munication is doing a free campaign of this product called AEDs in several hospitals and munities (DR.K.VANITHA, 2012). It will help the people to know more about AEDs, and by these campaigns, the Heart Saver pany will create awareness among people too. People will get more aware of cardiac attacks and heart diseases. They will share it with their family too, so it will help the business to grow anyway. Written munication is one of the most important ways of business munication. Hospitals are busy places, so if the Heart Saver pany write about their product and how useful it is in a block of interesting paper and distribute it to the hospitals and to the munities, it will be an effective way to municate (Theicehouse.co.nz, 2017). As AED is a life-saving kits so, I would like to suggest the owner be more authentic about the product. Though pany is doing well when the munication with the consumer is concerned, but the pany must have to reach the people strongly. Heart Saver pany should do spread more about the effectiveness of the AED rather than the product. It would be beneficial for the pany to gain the trust of the consumers (Peery and Galanos, 2006). Apart from that, the pany should post the feedback of their every consumer over social media and other media to grab the marketplace in a proper way. Nevertheless, to say focusing on the quality is far better than the getting negative feedback. The product must be more user-friendly and the usage of the concerned product should be discussed among the consumers in a proper way. Heart Saver pany must involve best-trained person for the door-to-door selling purpose, as it can be the best way to convince the pros of the AED. The pany should spread awareness among the people about the advantages of AED and how a precious life can be saved. In the end, I must suggest the pany pay more attention to the transparency with their consumers. It would be better for the pany to develop the product according to the feedback of the consumers (Knight, 2013). Akyol, ?. (2013). Social Media and Marketing: Viral Marketing.  Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. DR.K.VANITHA, D. (2012). Customer Relationship Management on Customer Satisfaction.  International Journal of Scientific Research, 3(4), pp.1-3. Knight, M. (2013). Usability and Business munication.  Business munication Quarterly, 76(4), pp.395-396. Peery, C. and Galanos, A. (2006). Home Automated External Defibrillators in a Geriatric Population: A Brief Discussion of the Evidence.  Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(1), pp.133-137. Theicehouse.co.nz. (2017).  HeartSaver: Jump Starting The Business. [online] Available at: https://www.theicehouse.co.nz/casestudy/heartsaver/ [Accessed 4 May 2017]. Us, A., are, W., Team, O., us, W., AEDs, A., AEDs, O., verification, A., ideas, A., Cover, E., Us, C., Saver, B., Gus Bell, R., School, J., Sue Dewsnap, A., Tom Searle, L., Tony de Felice, C., Coleen Carmichael, B., Debbie Baxter, N., Delwyn Miles, T. and Ateesh Patel, A. (2017).  Heart Saver New Zealand | AED | FIRST AID | MEDIC | TRAINING. [online] Heartsaver.co.nz. Available at: https://www.heartsaver.co.nz/ [Accessed 4 May 2017].

School Choice Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School Choice - Article Example One disturbing consequence of high stakes testing is the reduction or elimination of activities that are not tested. Teachers feel that they cannot spend time on such things as class meetings to promote decision-making, discussing current events and interdisciplinary projects and even recess. Whatever is not in the test gets eliminated. Just as students who are only interested in grades are famous for asking if they have to know something, now teachers who are only teaching to test are asking ‘do we have to teach this?’. When testing at a given grade is limited to Math and language arts then the other subjects such as science, social studies, and art suffer. This has created a new difficulty for teaching and teachers because if they are only teaching a subject for the test then this may lead to poor teaching. On the other hand, some teachers may choose to have their subjects tested just so that they can keep the subject on the curriculum Kohn refers to this as ‘bar gaining with the devil’. It can mean that the curriculum gets twisted to fit into the testing mode. As one language arts teacher is reported to have said that the class has not been doing any reading since they started to prepare for the reading test. Other subjects are suffering the same fate. These facts and information are soon forgotten. There is a disturbing consequence where good teaching means poor test preparation and conversely preparing for the test encourages the worst kind of teaching.